Kurdish Peshmerga forces and militias in northern Iraq have demolished thousands of homes in a concerted effort to remove Arab communities, Amnesty International says.
They did so in revenge for their perceived support for so-called Islamic State (IS), it says in a report.
Amnesty says Kurdistan Regional Government forces might have committed war crimes in areas recaptured from IS.
Kurdish authorities have not yet responded to the allegations.
Amnesty says the report, Banished and dispossessed: Forced displacement and deliberate destruction in northern Iraq, is based on a field investigation in 13 villages and towns and put together from testimony gathered from more than 100 eyewitnesses and victims of forced displacement.